Two types of thickeners, calcium sulfonate and lithium complex, dominate heavy-duty greases in the pelleting industry. However, with innovative formulations, other thickeners show unforeseen benefits.
Greases are semisolid lubricants that consist of a soap emulsified with a base oil. The purpose of grease lubrication is the high initial viscosity that drops with shear, invoking the effect of oil lubrication. The soap acts as a sponge to keep the oil in place. Different soaps thicken the base oil&mdash;mineral, vegetable or synthetic&mdash;and add certain characteristics to the resulting grease. Lithium complex greases make up approximately 60% of greases available in North America. The key characteristics are high operating temperatures and very good water resistance and work stability.
Two types of thickeners, calcium sulfonate and lithium complex, dominate heavy-duty greases in the pelleting industry. However, with innovative formulations, other thickeners show unforeseen benefits. Lithium complex greases are often used in automotive lubrication (chassis, wheel bearings) and heavy industrial applications (construction and mining). Calcium sulfonate greases provide extreme pressure and anti-wear properties. Excellent oxidation resistance, mechanical stability and corrosion protection characterize them. Therefore, these greases are often applied in marine and heavy mobile equipment, as well as pulp and paper industry. In addition to these common soaps for heavy industries, aluminum complex and bentonite are gaining attention. Aluminum complex greases have high maximum operating temperatures and good corrosion protection. They are typically used in high-load applications in steel, mining and food processing (H1 food grade). Bentonite, or clay, is H1 food grade thickener and has no dropping point. The grease has a buttery texture and is valuable in high-temperature applications. Polyurea grease is a nonsoap thickened grease with wide acceptance for its long life attributes. Its incompatibility with many other greases, however, sets very high demands for operations and maintenance, as confusion can lead to very expensive machine failure. Grease Comparison: A Glance Toward Vietnam In Vietnam, European brand pellet mills are lubricated with calcium sulfonate grease and have an average output of 5 to 6 tons per hour. Asian brand pellet mills use lithium complex or clay-based greases and have an output between 2 and 2.5 tons per hour. A huge difference is the volume of grease, as Asian pellet mill models consume up to five times the amount of European models, while production rates are just 50% of European models. Where European pellet mills consume one drum per mill per month, other manufacturers consume up to five drums per mill per month. The significant difference in volumes has several reasons; quality alone does not account for such a gap. While all manufacturers build robust equipment, operations and feed mix differ significantly. Hardwood puts much more stress on the equipment than softwood. Debarking has a great effect, too. Then, of course, some operators run the equipment above nameplate capacity, putting up with increased wear.
Swiss manufacturer Bathan AG, specialized in ceramic lubricants, manufactures the multipurpose grease KF 7, an aluminum complex grease with modified EP additives. Grease consumption is 95% lower than with regular greases, while lifetime of bearings improve. Many European wood pellet customers have switched to the new formulation without changing the set-up (95% lower grease volumes, with and without automated lubrication systems). &nbsp; Author: Holger Streetz COO, Bathan AG h.streetz@bathan.ch

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Two types of thickeners, calcium sulfonate and lithium complex, dominate heavy-duty greases in the pelleting industry. However, with innovative formulations, other thickeners show unforeseen benefits. 

Experimenting with Grease Thickeners

In September, the U.S. Energy Information Administration&rsquo;s Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report was updated with June data, providing a comprehensive look at how the industry fared in the first half of the year. The numbers show that not only have wood pellet producers managed to navigate the challenges of the business disruption presented by the COVID-19 pandemic, they&rsquo;ve set themselves up with a legitimate chance at the biggest year in the report&rsquo;s five-year history.
As the economy rapidly wound down in late March, three big questions emerged for pellet producers. First, would COVID-19 lead to a plant shutdown, either because of infections within the plant staff roster or because of a state or federal mandate? Second, would fiber streams dry up because of stoppages at upstream wood product manufacturing sites for similar reasons, or a rapid downturn in consumer demand for those products? And finally, would critical retail outlets where wood pellets are sold remain open and able to sell our product to consumers?
The first question was at least partially answered early in the pandemic as the forest products industry and the associations that represent it, including the Pellet Fuels Institute, went to work to ensure that governors followed federal guidance and classified these operations as essential businesses, allowing them to maintain operations. Keeping plant teams safe, virus-free and able to work has taken a comprehensive and sustained effort that continues today. So far, it has not cost any facility significant production time. The EIA data certainly supports this assertion, showing production of 955,000 tons through June, the largest first half in the history of the report, and up 4% from the same time period last year, which saw production of more than 2 million tons. At the beginning of the year, production was trending well ahead of the 2019 pace with manufacturers logging strong numbers in January (184,451 tons) and February (168,559 tons). Manufacturers managed to stay ahead of the 2019 pace through March (158,633 tons), even as the pandemic threatened the second half of the month&rsquo;s production. April (122,657) and May (143,796) do indicate evidence of a disruption as producers failed to achieve 2019 production levels, but they recovered, posting strong numbers in June (177,485), eclipsing June 2019 totals by 7%.
The data tells a similar story regarding fiber availability. Through June 2019, wood pellet manufacturers purchased 6.7 million tons of upstream residuals (sawmill, wood product manufacturing, other). In the first half of 2020, even with three full months falling within a global pandemic, producers successfully sourced even more fiber, buying nearly 6.9 million tons. Finally, EIA data should assuage anyone&rsquo;s fears that retailers would be unable to move pellet inventories and purchase orders would slow. Through June, pellet manufacturers sold a record 943,448 tons, up 6% from last year&rsquo;s first half, indicating high confidence in consumer demand by retailers, surely underpinned by strong in-store sales.
These data points tightly correlate to an aggregate of the stories I have heard from members, but they don&rsquo;t capture the individual disruptions and challenges I know some producers have faced. I have also heard stories about facilities posting record years, and for the numbers to shake out the way they have so far, more producers are having an up year in 2020 than are having a down year. Considering the fate of so many other industries that, by their very nature, couldn&rsquo;t escape the fallout of COVID-19, the wood pellet sector should feel very good about where it is right now.
We are a long way from the end of the year, and the challenges for producers keep coming. Wildfires have disrupted business in key forest product manufacturing sites in the West and Pacific Northwest, and at least one important regional producer had to halt operations because of nearby fires. Production time is nearly impossible to replace, and it would not surprise me to see these fire-related stoppages and slowdowns show up in the September EIA data.
Our industry&rsquo;s ability to keep fiber streams flowing, presses turning and trucks loading in a year that has brought a once-in-a-lifetime pandemic is impressive, but from my perspective, the most notable of these three achievements is the total sales numbers. The market is clearly calling for wood pellets, and so far this year&mdash;in spite of everything&mdash;manufacturers have figured out a way to answer the call. Author: Tim Portz Executive Director, Pellet Fuels Institute tim@pelletheat.org www.pelletheat.org

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EIA data shows wood pellet producers successfully managed challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic during the first half of the year. 

Our Strong First Half 

The leaves are turning colors in Minnesota and the weather is doing its typical 30-degree variation from day to day, autumn&rsquo;s signature in the Upper Midwest. Here, fall doesn&rsquo;t last long, and it seems we only get a few weeks in between hot summer weather and the snow. During this time, homeowners play on-and-off with AC and heat, open-and-close with their windows, and go from short sleeves to warm coats on the same day.
For pellet manufacturers in Minnesota, Wisconsin, South Dakota and the rest of the U.S., it&rsquo;s a time full of anticipation. Early and prolonged cold and snow are welcomed, with hopes that delicate balance between supply and demand has been achieved.
The past and upcoming heating season was a main topic of the Pellet Fuels Institute annal conference, which was held via a series of virtual panels from late July through early August. You&rsquo;ll find an overview of the event, written by Tim Portz, PFI executive director, on page 16. Producers haven&rsquo;t been phased by the pandemic and seem to be relatively unscathed so far, and the data to date&mdash;particularly the U.S. EIA&rsquo;s Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report&mdash;doesn&rsquo;t indicate any significant variances in fiber prices or purchases. In fact, producers may be positioned for an above-average season.
Our other feature article this month, &ldquo;Front-End Expertise,&rdquo; on page 10, includes some insight and advice on front-end fiber preparation, handling and design. The heart of my discussion was with Jason Kessler, president of Kesco Inc., and focused on some common oversights when it comes to system design, as well as some observations and advice drawn from decades of experience. When Kessler formed his company, it was because he saw a need to provide some real value customers, particularly when it came to filling the disconnect between process system vendors and design and construction of a cohesive system. As such, he has onboarded experienced companies as partners including Rapat Inc., Bliss Industries, Kice Industries and CV Technology, each of which bring a specific area of expertise to the table. Says Kessler, &ldquo;With a limited number of strategic partners, it allows us to learn the process area for different industries and actually provide value&mdash;experience matters.&rdquo;
For more on fuel preparation, particularly resizing, check out spotlight profile &ldquo;Material Prep Vital for Quality Pellets,&rdquo; on page 26. In it, we discuss Vecoplan&rsquo;s core business&mdash;material resizing&mdash;with Ralf Rosenkranz, Vecoplan AG area sales manager. Rosenkranz makes one of the same points as Kessler, emphasizing that material resizing systems are not just an assembly line of different types of equipment, but rather, different process steps that must smoothly interact. &ldquo;The goal of the system is to achieve a homogenous product for pelletizing while maximizing energy efficiency,&rdquo; he says. Finally, check out our contributions on pages 20 and 23, which cover topics including torrefaction and green lubrication programs, respectively.
The team at Pellet Mill Magazine is gearing up to refresh its annual North American Pellet Production Map. If you&rsquo;re not familiar, visit our website and check it out, and make sure your operating, under construction or proposed plant is on the map. Email any additions or changes to asimet@bbiinternational.com.
&nbsp;
Author: Anna Simet Editor asimet@bbiinternational.com

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Pellet Mill Magazine Editor Anna Simet discusses content in the Q4 2020 edition. 

It's That Time

Spotlight: Vecoplan
From processing raw material to bagging finished pellets, Vecoplan Midwest designs, builds, and installs complete pellet production systems. In the wood processing market for longer than 50 years, the company is known for its shredder machines, but also builds complete systems for sawmill discharge, boiler infeed, wood waste recycling and comprehensive pellet plants in a vast range of sizes, says Ralf Rosenkranz, Vecoplan AG area sales manager.
Vecoplan&rsquo;s real core competency is resizing raw material, an essential component to manufacturing high-quality pellets, Rosenkranz says. &ldquo;This can be done with shredders, but also with chippers or mills. Factors to be considered when choosing equipment include material composition&mdash;such as the amount of bark on the log&mdash;moisture content and raw material particle size.&rdquo;
To maintain the homogenous material quality that wood pellet manufacturing requires, it is important to have a system capable of processing raw material effectively while simultaneously accommodating these factors, Rosenkranz says. &ldquo;In a pellet plant, multiple pieces of equipment are used to obtain the end result. For example, in installations Vecoplan has done in Texas and Louisiana, plants that process 500,000 tons each year, virgin logs get debarked and chipped, milled prior to drying, and then milled again.&rdquo;
While three-stage resizing systems are common in Europe, in the U.S., two-stage is the norm, according to Rosenkranz. &ldquo;We recommend the three-stage resizing because material can be dried in a more homogenous way, but we offer both concepts,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;The machinery is the same, but the configuration is different.&rdquo;
Material resizing systems are not just an assembly line of different types of equipment, Rosenkranz points out, but rather, different process steps that must smoothly interact. &ldquo;The goal of the systems is to achieve a homogenous product for pelletizing while maximizing energy efficiency,&rdquo; he says.
&ldquo;Combined with Vecoplan conveying, storing and sorting equipment, preparation of the raw material should end just before the actual pelletizing process to result in a consistent, high-quality fuel pellet.&rdquo;
Vecoplan works with its customers on all aspects of pellet plant design, from supplying the automation controls for the entire system to installation with in-house and outsourced experts. Rosenkranz notes the crucial task of obtaining accurate information from its clients to deliver the best solution for each specific operation, particularly regarding raw material details. &ldquo;To enable us to choose the right equipment, it is of the essence to know the characteristics of the material to be used&mdash;hardwood, softwood, with or without bark, input size, etcetera&mdash;as well as the type of pellets that will be produced, whether its industrial or home heating pellets. This tells us where we&rsquo;re coming from, and where we need to go.&rdquo;
If such details are uncertain, Vecoplan will help customers select a flexible resizing solution, Rosencranz adds. &ldquo;The more information we have from the input material and the destination, the better we can choose the right equipment to make your facility efficient and profitable.&rdquo;

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Material Prep Vital for Quality Pellets

Today, many want to &ldquo;go green&rdquo; in various aspects of their lives, but what does this really mean? The answer to this question can vary from person to person, business to business, and even government to government. Common terms that have been used to define something as green include: renewable, recyclable, reusable, nontoxic or less toxic, energy conserving and waste reducing. An unlikely industry&mdash;lubrication&mdash;can be very green through responsibly planned purchasing, storage, use and disposal, challenging the limited regulatory view of green lubricants that fails to consider longer lubricant and component life and decreased energy use.
The lubricants industry is part of the much larger petroleum industry, which has developed a reputation as being a dirty industry. Some organizations in the exploration, production and transportation segments of the petroleum industry have contributed to that negative reputation and continue to face challenges, but the entire petroleum industry should not be found guilty by association. In fact, this industry has made possible many of the products that are responsible for the quality of life enjoyed by people around the world.
Contrary to popular belief, when properly used, most lubricants can be considered environmentally considerate. Lubricants reduce friction, resulting in a reduction of energy consumption and increased equipment life. A properly formulated lubricant lasts longer, therefore generating less waste. The end users, original equipment manufacturers and government agencies still expect this performance but are now also requesting low impact if the lubricant is released into the environment.
Lubricants today can be formulated using high-performance biobased materials and meet the more traditional definitions of environmentally friendly, such as being biodegradable, low toxicity and nonbioaccumulative. Lubricant Formulation Traditionally, when a lubricant was formulated, it contained a mixture of two main ingredients: oil and additives. For grease, a third ingredient was added&mdash;a thickener. In modern times, formulation still follows this basic mixture, but the options have expanded dramatically, as many types of natural and synthetic base fluids can be used as the base of a lubricant, not just petroleum oil. Additives are included to impart beneficial performance attributes, such as reduced friction (wear prevention), corrosion protection, heat removal (oxidation resistance), foam and air release, and water separation or emulsion, just to name a few.
There are four key areas that formulators must consider when formulating products: environmental, performance, physical and commercial. The primary lubricant attribute desired by most end users from is protection of assets from wear, increasing reliability and useful lifespan. For many regulators, the primary concern is that the lubricant be environmentally friendly. For these agencies, lubricating properties are secondary, if considered at all. But lubricants can be green in many ways that still consider performance, more in line with companies&rsquo; aims in pursuit of sustainability.
The traditional environmental lubricant has either been proven to be biodegradable or formulated from biobased materials. Yet, from a more holistic standpoint, lubricants have been environmentally friendly in another way for years. If the proper product is chosen for a given application, it can improve equipment efficiency. As compared to the lubricants even 50 years ago, today&rsquo;s lubricants can be formulated to provide a much higher level of equipment protection and performance. If the sustainability model of green is considered, they can be more environmentally friendly, provide better performance and improve the economic bottom line. Ways Lubricants Can be Green Crude oil has long been thought of as a nonrenewable natural resource. Petroleum oil took millions of years to form in the ground. Renewable products grow, are harvested and turned into products within a relatively short time. Most oils taken directly from animal and vegetable sources do not yield stable lubricants. It is this instability that makes them highly biodegradable, an environmental advantage.
Much research has been conducted on renewable oils since the late 1980s through genetic modifications and chemical processing, and some of their insufficiencies are being overcome. Unfortunately, this usually results in base fluids that that can be more expensive than mineral oils.
Early environmentally acceptable lubricants were made from biobased materials or were biodegradable, most formulated using vegetable oil-based fluids. Concessions often had to be made by the users when putting these products into service. They typically became jelly-like at low temperatures and oxidized rapidly at operating temperatures. They were also more expensive. This meant that for a user to employ green lubricants, they had to pay more for a product that didn&rsquo;t perform as well. There were not many laws in place forcing users to buy them, so only hardcore environmentalists used them. Governments are beginning to put more emphasis on environmentally acceptable lubricants (EALs) by enacting laws making it more difficult for companies to avoid using them. Fortunately, many options are available today through genetically improved vegetable oils or high-performance synthetic fluids, so that higher performing products can be formulated to overcome the low- and high-temperature concerns of the early products. Along with biodegradability, toxicology has become part of the requirement for a lubricant to be green, meaning that formulators now must also consider ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation.
Any effort to reuse or recycle lubricants is green. Some lubricant packaging, such as steel drums and bulk transfer tanks, can be emptied, sent back, refurbished and refilled with new lubricants or other chemicals. Most lubricants, however, cannot be reused because of degradation and contamination, though some end users have tried with limited success. For example, used lubricants are sometimes applied to moving chains. This is not considered a best lubrication practice, but success varies depending upon condition of the used lubricant. Another reuse for lubricants is that they are collected and burned as heating fuel oil. The fuel is needed as an energy source, so this approach is greener than dumping into a landfill or pouring into the environment.
An entire new segment of the lubricants industry exists called re-refiners. In the infancy of re-refining, waste oil collectors took spent lubricant back to their facility, removed the water, filtered out the solids, and resold it for various lubrication uses. Modern re-refiners do the same, but then, unlike their predecessors, they introduce it into a refinery process just like crude oil. After processing, new high-quality base oils are produced that have been found to be of equal or better quality to virgin base oils. These can be used to produce new lubricants, restarting the closed-loop process.
Another way to be green is reducing the amount of natural resources used for production. There are various ways this can be achieved when using lubricants. One of the main purposes of lubricants is to reduce friction; a lower coefficient of friction increases efficiency and consumes less power. Power consumption can be measured in several ways, including fuel economy, electrical consumption or productivity (units per hour or similar). These efforts can be converted into monetary figures, creating economic benefits in addition to the environmental benefits of using fewer resources. Occasionally, the money saved is more than the amount that may have been spent on a more expensive lubricant or a lubricant that needed to be changed more frequently.
Through proper base fluid and additive selection, it is possible to formulate lubricant products that operate for extended periods of time under proper maintenance without needing to be changed. The result, in this case, is less lubricant purchased, less used lubricant disposed, less maintenance labor, and ultimately, less financial resources spent.
Ultimately, a successful green lubricant program is the responsibility of the end user. A world class lubrication reliability program improves equipment reliability and uptime with the fringe benefit of creating a holistic green lubricant program. Numerous case studies have shown that when lubrication reliability programs are implemented, companies reduce costs and improve their profitability, thus becoming more sustainable economically as well as environmentally.
Implementing a lubrication reliability program is a daunting task. To help with this journey, companies should choose a lubricant supplier that can be a partner, not just a supplier. In the end, successful implementation will result in improved environmental, economic and social sustainability. Author: John Sander Vice President of Technology, Lubrication Engineers www.lelubricants.com info@le-inc.com

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When properly manufactured and used, most lubricants can be considered environmentally considerate.

Can Lubricants be Green?

No one can argue that it has taken longer than expected for the wood-based torrefaction industry to develop, but it is widely acknowledged that torrefied wood pellets (TWP) have physical characteristics superior to white wood pellets (WWP), including higher energy density, higher bulk density, improved grindability and water resistance.&nbsp; It has generally been assumed that TWP cost more than WWP, but analysis shows TWP can reduce the cost-of-use for end users (power plants), provide higher profits for pellet manufacturers, and reduce the overall carbon footprint of the biofuel. What&rsquo;s Changed with Torrefaction? Lignocellulosic biomass is comprised of mostly cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.&nbsp; Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis process performed at temperatures between 220 and 300 degrees Celsius. During torrefaction, most of the hemicellulose is volatilized, creating torrefaction gas. This gas is comprised of relatively low molecular-weight, condensable organic chemicals; noncondensable gases (carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide) and water. The organic chemicals include acetic acid, methanol, lactic acid, formic acid, furfural and hydroxyacetone. &nbsp;
The difficulty of handling these concentrated, volatile gases has resulted in serious problems with both safety and operational sustainability for torrefaction developers.&nbsp; Fires and explosions have occurred, pyrolysis oils have leaked from ductwork and fittings, and plugged lines have frequently interrupted the process. To remedy these issues, torrefaction must be undertaken in an inert environment. The use of large volumes of inert gas allows for safe operations and significantly reduces the possibility of the formation of pyrolysis oils and plugged lines. Operationally, the inert gas is used to transfer thermal energy into the reactor, dilute the torrefaction gas as it is being generated, and carry the organic chemicals contained in the torrefaction gas out of the reactor, in very dilute concentration, for immediate oxidation.&nbsp; The inert gas is also used to safely cool the torrefied biomass as it exits the reactor and to recover its energy.
This solution requires large volumes of inert gas.&nbsp; So where does this inert gas come from?&nbsp;&nbsp; Previous technological approaches had no built-in mechanism for providing inert gas, as purchasing it or installing equipment to produce it is cost prohibitive.&nbsp; However, catalytic oxidation technology can be employed to produce the necessary inert gas as a natural, and essentially free, byproduct of the overall process. This is key to commercial torrefaction.
The following conclusions, drawn from a more detailed analysis available upon request, includes a comparison of a WWP plant and a TWP plant producing the same amount of energy.&nbsp; Assumptions used in the calculations are as show in Figure 1. Energy in Biomass During Torrefaction Biomass heat content, or high heating value (HHV), may be measured at input and at each step in the process. Torrefaction processing steps typically include grinding, drying, torrefaction, cooling, further grinding and densification. During each step, other than torrefaction, there is little to no change in the HHV. But during torrefaction, the HHV is changed. With the volatilization of the hemicellulose, organic chemicals are created. These chemicals, as described earlier, contain a disproportionally high level of oxygen, and as they are removed as a part of the torrefaction gas, there is a dramatic improvement in the molecular ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the remaining solids. The overall effect of this transformation is to concentrate approximately 90% of the initial biomass heat content in the remaining solids. These changes can be seen in the ultimate analysis results for the biomass feedstock, torrefaction gas, and torrefied solids.
The HHV of the biomass is mostly associated with its carbon content. Torrefaction results in a higher concentration of carbon in the torrefied biomass&mdash;in this analysis, approximately 9 percent increase compared to raw wood feedstock (49.25% to 58.01%). During the process, the feedstock&rsquo;s HHV heat content is transformed into three unequal portions.&nbsp; First, the torrefaction reaction releases a portion of the heat content into the reactor environment. Secondly, the torrefaction gas itself contains a relatively small portion of the biomass&rsquo;s HHV.&nbsp; Although a poor quality fuel, cumulatively, this stream contains a significant amount of energy, and its beneficial use in the process is key to commercially viable torrefaction. Third, the torrefied solids contain the balance of the initial heat content.
Figure 2 illustrates what happens to the HHV&nbsp; during torrefaction. As demonstrated, the biomass feedstock has a total HHV heat content of 340.54 gigajoule per hour (GJ/hr). The torrefaction reaction generates 2.72 GJ/hr. of heat, and the torrefaction gas contains 32.87 GJ/hr of chemical energy. The remaining energy, 304.94 GJ/hr, is concentrated into the 12,757 kg/hr of torrefied solids with a heat content of 23.9 MJ/kg.
Adequately cooling the torrefied solids is a safety issue. Recovering the thermal energy during the cooling process is an economic issue, and a distinct advantage.&nbsp; The torrefaction system generates 63% more thermal energy than is needed in the process itself.&nbsp; This excess heat can be used to provide almost 50% of the energy required for drying a feedstock containing 50% moisture.
Another safety issue is that the torrefaction gas is highly flammable, but this concern can be addressed using inert gas. Competitive with White Pellets TWP can be produced and delivered to the customer at a lower cost than WWP&nbsp; with efficient use of the energy contained in the torrefaction gas. Assumptions used for comparisons in Figures 3 and 4 include: feedstock at 50% moisture, $33/metric ton; combustion efficiency of biomass combustor for supplemental heat at 75 percent, equal relative power consumption and size of work force: and 8,000 annual operating hours.
The use of inert gas throughout the torrefaction system plus the ability to beneficially use the energy from the torrefaction gas is paramount to torrefaction viability. For pellet producers, torrefaction provides a tremendous opportunity to improve financial performance while delivering a much higher quality product.&nbsp; For end users, lower delivered cost, plus plant-level benefits resulting from a biofuel that is similar to coal, significantly reduce the product&rsquo;s overall cost-of-use.&nbsp; In addition, value is rightly placed on reducing the biofuel&rsquo;s carbon footprint.&nbsp; It&rsquo;s time to move forward to create the next generation of solid biofuels. A more detailed technical version of this report is available. Author: Thomas Causer Vice President and Chief Operating Officer, Advanced Torrefaction Systems tcauser@atscat.com 814-598-2350

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Analysis shows torrefied wood pellets can reduce cost-of-use for power plants, generate more profits for pellet manufacturers and reduce carbon footprints.

Taking Another Look at Torrefaction

While the COVID-19 pandemic has made it impossible to conduct in-person annual conferences, since its global debut, most associations&mdash;including the Pellet Fuels Institute&mdash;have leveraged technology to gather for discussions. The Pellet Fuels Institute hosted VirtuallyPFI, its web-based annual conference equivalent, over the course of two weeks in late July and early August. The agenda, pulled directly from the original annual conference program, focused on wood pellet manufacturers and their upstream and downstream partners. The four moderated panel discussions collectively highlighted that while 2020 has brought unprecedented marketplace disruptions, it also offers potential for one of the better years for producers in a decade. Over the span of the event, the mood of panelists transitioned from breathing a tentative sigh of relief that the worst of the pandemic was behind them, to carefully guarded optimism for what the rest of the year might bring. Producer Attitudes On Aug. 4, VirtuallyPFI hosted a conversation featuring three member-producers to assess how they fared in the early days of the pandemic, their ability to find and buy the fiber necessary to meet production goals, as well as their customers&rsquo; appetite for their finished products. The discussion began with producers recalling the outset of the pandemic and the challenges they were confronted with in those first weeks. &ldquo;Our first challenge was understanding if our operations were going to even be allowed to operate,&rdquo; said Brett Jordan, CEO of Lignetics, a multi-facility producer. &ldquo;That was a moving target for a bit, until the federal guidance on essential businesses came out. Once that was resolved, we really began to focus on what was happening with our customers, our retail partners.&rdquo;
The concern for Jordan and others in the sector was what shuttered retail outlets would mean for late-season pellet shipments, and depending upon the length of any closures, critical inventory build-up during the increasingly important months of July and August. &ldquo;We stayed running the entire time,&rdquo; shared Matt O&rsquo;Malley of O&rsquo;Malley Wood Pellets. O&rsquo;Malley discussed the undertaking of increased cleaning protocols and the distribution and use of face coverings, but at the same time, the pandemic&rsquo;s early weeks coincided with a cool stretch in his marketplace, he said. &ldquo;We were selling product steadily and running hard to keep up with demand.&rdquo;
Pat Curran idled his Massena, New York-based Curran Renewables facility for a week, motivated by oil prices that plummeted to $11 per barrel. &ldquo;In about a week, things caught themselves and oil prices started to recover, and we got back online,&rdquo; Curran said. Since that brief outage, he added, his plant has been running 24/7, five days a week.
Data gathered and shared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration regarding its Monthly Densified Biomass Fuel Report suggests that Lignetics and Curran Renewables weren&rsquo;t the only producers taking a cautious stance in the earliest days of the pandemic. The report shows that April 2020 production was the lowest since April 2018. However, the same data set shows that by June, producer confidence in the viability of the marketplace had returned, with the industry posting the largest June production total in the report&rsquo;s history.
With the initial shock of the COVID-19 pandemic behind them, Jordan, O&rsquo;Malley and Curran have their time focused on producing and selling pellets into a marketplace that finally seems to have heeded the industry&rsquo;s calls to begin buying and taking wood pellets earlier in the season. Wood pellet producers have long bemoaned building and carrying large inventories of finished product over the summer months. &ldquo;As a smaller producer, I don&rsquo;t want to put any more product into inventory than I have to,&rdquo; O&rsquo;Malley said. &ldquo;I tell our customers I&rsquo;m open to any ideas to motivate them to take shipments from me earlier in the season.&rdquo;
During the past five years, the market has demonstrated a strong trend toward increased sales during the peak of summer. In 2016, U.S. producers sold 400,000 tons of pellets in June, July and August. By 2019, this number had grown steadily to 534,000, and while the 2020 data doesn&rsquo;t yet provide an entire picture of the summer, it does show that June sales topped 180,000 tons, the largest June on record and a 50,000-ton increase from June of 2019. &ldquo;Without the increase in the early buy patterns, a company like mine would have a hard time existing,&rdquo; Curran said. &ldquo;We all want to run consistently to keep all of our men and women working, and for that you need consistent demand from the marketplace.&rdquo;
Panelists pointed to increased communication and trust between manufacturers and retailers for the flattening of buying patterns across the sector. &ldquo;We&rsquo;re all aligned in that we don&rsquo;t want to the consumer to have a negative experience and not be able to get their hands on heating fuel,&rdquo; Jordan said. &ldquo;I look back at 2016 when there was inventory everywhere, and there just wasn&rsquo;t a need for any collaboration.&rdquo;
&nbsp;In 2016, late summer pellet inventories swelled to over 600,000, nearly three times the inventory the industry had on the ground in August 2019. &ldquo;These last few seasons it really has felt like a mutual effort,&rdquo; said Jordan. &ldquo;We&rsquo;re finally moving the volumes in July and August that make room for that important fall production.&rdquo; Supply Chain Faces Challenges On Aug. 6, VirtuallyPFI convened with a panel discussion featuring representatives from the broader hearth and wood products sector to gauge its health during a turbulent year.
Karen Smeltz, brand marketing director at Hearth &amp; Home Technologies, shared that the company&rsquo;s Halifax, Pennsylvania, location responsible for manufacturing the company&rsquo;s pellet appliances expanded its normal springtime planned outage in response to the pandemic. &ldquo;When the pandemic began, pellet appliance sales were off and some of our component suppliers had production interruptions, so we did come offline,&rdquo; Smeltz said. &ldquo;However, we began to see increased web traffic as consumers stuck at home began researching and shopping online. Retailers reopened their stores and adapted to virtual showrooms and curbside pick-up, and activity began to pick up. We came back online in early May and have had strong production throughout the summer.&rdquo;
Jack Goldman, CEO of the Hearth, Patio and Barbecue Association, echoed Smeltz&rsquo;s remarks, reporting that the organization&rsquo;s specialty hearth members fared better than they anyone expected they might. &ldquo;We were expecting really dismal numbers, honestly, and while we may not get all the way back to 2019 sales numbers, I think the sector is going to be close,&rdquo; Goldman said. &ldquo;And BBQ grills, they have been flying off of the shelves.&rdquo;
Goldman also touched on ongoing challenges regarding federal regulations. In particular, those outlined in the New Source Performance Standards that govern the emissions profiles of appliances retailers are allowed to sell. The HPBA has pushed to achieve a sell-through provision that would allow retailers more time to sell out inventory of appliances that were certified under the Step 1 limits. The U.S. EPA has not granted an extension of the May 15 deadline, and the COVID-19 shutdowns eliminated precious selling days for retailers working through the last of their Step 1 inventory. &ldquo;Eventually, the EPA did offer a peculiar solution,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;They&rsquo;ve proposed to extend the sell-through into early November, but not until they make an official decision. It&rsquo;s a bit of a mess. This solution is actually a non-solution.&rdquo;
The regulatory news shared during the event wasn&rsquo;t all bad, as Brent McClendon, CEO of the National Wood Pallet and Container Association, reported a long-sought clarification from the EPA regarding the use of recycled pallet fiber wood pellet production. In the same amendment that disappointed specialty hearth retailers with the inaction on the sell-through provisions, wood pallet manufacturers found clarity for their fiber, as the EPA specified that only fiber from pressure-treated pallets was prohibited. &ldquo;Businesses need regulatory clarity,&rdquo; McClendon said. &ldquo;With this newfound clarity, I suspect that some pallet manufacturers will look at this market again, and those already participating may be emboldened to invest more heavily.&rdquo; Reason for Optimism Throughout VirtuallyPFI conversations, a collective, cautious optimism emerged from both pellet manufacturers and hearth professionals. The initial shock of the COVID-19 pandemic did temporarily idle production across most of both segments, but panelist consensus was that these cessations were short-lived, and that socially-distant production recommenced along with the fundamentals of what has been a strong market.
&ldquo;We aren&rsquo;t out of the woods yet,&rdquo; O&rsquo;Malley concluded. &ldquo;One outbreak would be all it would take to really make things difficult for us, but for now, we&rsquo;re excited to be online, making pellets and finding strong marketplace interest for our product.&rdquo; Author: Tim Portz Executive Director, Pellet Fuels Institute tim@pelletheat.org www.pelletheat.org

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While the COVID-19 pandemic doomed the Pellet Fuels Institute's 
in-person annual conference, its web-based replacement found 
the sector cautiously optimistic about the year. 

Virtually PFI A Review

The psychological principle &ldquo;The whole is greater than the sum of its parts&rdquo; is often used in the context of teamwork. When looked at from the perspective of wood pellet manufacturing, it applies two-fold, perhaps the more obvious connection being the synergy of system processes. Jason Kessler, founder and president of company Kesco Inc., underlines the significance of viewing and designing a wood pellet material processing and handling configuration this way&mdash;as one, cohesive system, rather than individual components. &ldquo;I look at the size reduction process as a complete system, which begins with a tree,&rdquo; Kessler says. &ldquo;And it ends with 100 percent less-than-4-millimeter dry product going to the pellet presses. Obviously, you can&rsquo;t go from the tree to the pellet presses in one step&mdash;there are multiple steps in that process.&rdquo;
Kessler and several of his company&rsquo;s strategic partners, which include Rapat Corp., Bliss Industries, Kice Industries and CV Technology, are working to change the way customers tend to view fuel prep and handling systems. &ldquo;Some tend to look at systems in portions or islands,&rdquo; Kessler says. &ldquo;It&rsquo;s just how the industry began&mdash;somebody did the wood yard island, the drying island, the dry hammermilling island, the pelleting island, and they kind of got separated as though they didn&rsquo;t have anything to do with each other, which they definitely do.&rdquo;
One of the biggest costs in pellet manufacturing is energy, and Kessler says this viewpoint is especially important when trying to minimize expenditures. How a front-end system is configured&mdash;and ultimately viewed&mdash;could greatly influence those costs. &ldquo;For example, look at a company that uses green chips as their primary raw material source,&rdquo; Kessler says. &ldquo;They need to get this material down to the industry particle size requirement of 100% less than 4 millimeter (mm), 99% less than 3 mm, 95% less than 2 mm and 50% less than 1 mm.&nbsp; If they put in a large enough chipper, they can grind the material to a nominal half-inch particle size required for their dryer, thus eliminating the green hammermilling step in the process.&nbsp; The material discharged from the dryer will then go to dry hammermilling to achieve the required particle size distribution.&nbsp; However, many manufacturers these days are running dryers with very high inlet temperatures to destroy as many VOCs as possible. We have performed testing that suggests this high inlet temperature, on a nominal half-inch chip, can case-harden the material, making it much more difficult to grind in the dry hammermilling process.&nbsp; In fact, we have seen as much as a 35% decrease in dry hammer milling efficiency with this case-hardened material.&rdquo;
Looking at the system as a whole, according to Kessler, suggests that chipping to a larger size and utilizing green hammermills to fiberize the chips will more easily allow the fiber to be dried consistently while avoiding the case-hardening and significantly improving dry hammermilling efficiency. &ldquo;It all has to work together, and that&rsquo;s the biggest oversight that I see,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;It's how the industry has looked at projects. If you ask people why, I don&rsquo;t think anyone can give a really good answer, it&rsquo;s just how it has always been done.&rdquo;
Particle size distribution is another key area of front-end operations that Kessler highlights. &ldquo;Making sure that you have equipment that maintains particle size distribution and delivers a first-in, first-out inventory of material is critical,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;Often, designs have hydraulic floors, stacker reclaimers, and rotor-sweep style silo unloaders that sweep the material around to a screw.&nbsp; These systems don&rsquo;t keep the particle size distribution consistent. The material is dry hammermilled to achieve a very specific particle size distribution, and then discharged out of the bin with multiple screws in the floor being filled with rotor arms or hydraulic pushing systems.&nbsp; These designs promote the finer material funneling quickly out of the screws, with the courser material segregating away from the finer particles. So you have just gone through great lengths to achieve a specific particle size distribution, but the material entering your pellet mills is totally segregated.&rdquo;
Kessler recommends installation of equipment such as a circular screw reclaimer that doesn&rsquo;t allow free flow and forces the screw to deliver the material to the discharge, undercutting the entire mass of material.&nbsp; &ldquo;The particle size distribution that goes in is the particle size distribution that comes out,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;This process is all about consistency. I&rsquo;ve seen a lot of systems that I would have recommended doing differently for those reasons. We&rsquo;ve learned a lot of things in this industry the hard way. Fortunately, that was over two decades ago, and so the people we work with today can capitalize on the mistakes we made over 20 years ago.&rdquo;
The other connection to the aforementioned adage is the partners Kesco works with, each of which has a specific area of pellet plant front-end focus. &ldquo;With a limited number of strategic partners, it allows us to learn the process area for different industries and actually provide value to the customer,&rdquo; Kessler says. &ldquo;Experience matters.&rdquo; &nbsp; Rapat Rapat Corp.&nbsp; has been in the conveyor business for 45 years and offers a complete line of material handling equipment. Individual pieces of equipment can be customized and integrated into a material handling system with all the necessary structural steel support bents, towers, service platforms, stairs and ladders, safety guarding, explosion suppression and interconnecting chute work required for a specific application, says Justin Koenig, Rapat industrial sales manager. &ldquo;Rapat works with each client to provide a standard products solution or an engineered custom solution, as well as engineering and product support to assure each conveying system is not only designed to meet the application requirements but is installed and maintained properly,&rdquo; he says.
Koenig has been with the company for 27 years. In that time, perhaps the most common reason for mishaps in front-end system design that Koenig has witnessed is the company being supplied with incomplete or inaccurate information, leading to material handling issues. &ldquo;When this happens, the system gets off on the wrong foot&mdash;inexperience often has a lot to do with that&mdash;meaning the data required to design the conveying system, including the conveying rate, density of the product, and the atmosphere it&rsquo;s going to be operating in,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;Is it going to be 100 degrees Fahrenheit? Is the temperature of the material ambient, and is there moisture associated with the material or is it dry? We need to get all the proper data to design and build an accurate solution.&rdquo;
Rapat sees the pellet industry as &ldquo;a booming market right now,&rdquo; Koenig says. &ldquo;The demand for wood pellets is very high, so there is going to be an aggressive growth curve for the industry.&rdquo; Rapat will ensure a quality product, offer the ease of getting the system designed by a one-stop solution, and, Koenig adds, &ldquo;a guarantee that we&rsquo;re going to get you to the market quicker.&rdquo; Bliss When it comes to robust hammermills with longevity, Bliss Industries fits the bill. The wood industry offers a harsh operating atmosphere and requires those characteristics of a hammermill, according to CEO Paul Gill. &ldquo;It&rsquo;s a tough product to grind compared to grains, corn or feed, and you have to be able to grind multiple varieties, from hardwood to softwood, from pine to oak or maple,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;You need a hammermill that can do it all, as your product is going to change throughout the year. It must have versatility to grind a wide range, because even though you may be getting the same pine log, they will be different in July than in January, in terms of level of sap and the moisture in the wood.&rdquo;
For commercial-scale wood pellet manufacturing, a hammermill should be capable of grinding 15 tons per hour, Gill says. &ldquo;That seems to be the sweet spot for the wood industry. It should have longevity, endurance and efficiency.&rdquo;
Customers can attest to the robustness and reliability of Bliss&rsquo;s hammermills, as some of have been operating in the industry for 20 years or longer. &ldquo;They&rsquo;re made to last forever,&rdquo; Gill says. &ldquo;We also manufacture a lot of the internal parts and wear items, with the ability to change them out without getting into the main housing of the hammermill, so the housing remains intact and it maintains its integrity.&rdquo;
Working closely with customers has kept Bliss on the edge of innovation. &ldquo;A current wood pellet manufacturer that we&rsquo;re working with has had 20 of our hammermills, and we just built four more for them,&rdquo; Gill says. &ldquo;With their input and working side by side, our engineers and manufacturing group designed a different door system for them, and it&rsquo;s probably one we&rsquo;ll segue into some of our other hammermill lines.&rdquo;
Though much of the focus of pellet production is often on the pellet island, Gill adds, the way wood is processed on the front end and drying specs achieved will vastly improve pellet production.
Kice To Kice Industries, wood pellet manufacturing processing equipment is much more complex than what&rsquo;s illustrated in a process flow diagram. The company has 70-plus years of experience in the design and manufacture of material handling systems and more than 20 years in delivering state-of-the-art electrical and automation solutions across the wood pelleting industry.
One of Kice&rsquo;s offerings industry offerings includes pneumatic conveying systems, which it can custom design, manufacture and assemble for any pelleting operation. &ldquo;We also provide automated electrical systems to keep plants running safely and on schedule,&rdquo; says J. Tom Wright, director of Kice Industries process and installation group. Systems can easily be expanded to include dust control, hammermill air assist, pneumatic conveying and cooler air assistance.
One main advantage of pneumatic conveying is cleanliness of an enclosed system, as opposed mechanical conveying systems that can lead to dusty transition points and open construction, according to Wright. &ldquo;A second advantage is the flexibility of routing the pneumatic tubing instead of requiring multiply mechanical conveyors and transition points,&rdquo; he says. On conveyor selection and design, Wright says it&rsquo;s important not to overlook the line-loading factor, which can be easy to do. &ldquo;This design criterion takes into consideration the volume of material that can realistically &lsquo;packed&rsquo; into the convey line, as opposed to just considering the weight of the material being conveyed,&rdquo; he says.
Having worked in the wood industry for many years, including several complete pellet plant design-builds in the past several years, Kice has built up the expertise needed to deliver a reliable, robust and efficient turnkey solution for wood pellet operations, Wright says. &ldquo;Working with Kice, our customers will be able to gain an understanding of how the equipment should be operated to maximize efficiency and can tap into a wealth of knowledge from employees who have actual experience running the systems,&rdquo; he adds. &ldquo;This unique perspective allows us to optimize every system we provide.&rdquo; CV Technology A key aspect of front-end pellet plant design is protecting the system and employees from the combustible nature of wood dust, which CV Technology has dialed in when it comes to tailor-made dust explosion and fire protection solutions. Working with one company specializing in both fire and explosion prevention and mitigation provides advantages to the customer, says Jason Krbec, sales engineering manager at CV Technology. &ldquo;The biggest in respect to combustible dust safety is have a single source for both,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;Often, these two systems are designed or considered as separate, but we bring both technologies together to provide a total process solution that will be safer and more economical.&rdquo;
Fire and explosion protection work best as a cohesive system, according to Krbec, similar to production systems. &ldquo;Using solutions that utilize common components and control systems can optimize safety design,&rdquo; he says. &ldquo;Integrated systems allow for familiarity with the operators in the facility to make sure safety systems are maintained and used properly.&rdquo;
As for the most commonly underprotected component of material handling and preparation, Krbec says size reduction or milling areas are often the most hazardous process areas. &ldquo;When combustible is reduced in particle size, it increases the likelihood of ignition and severity of the fire or explosion than can result,&rdquo; he says. These process areas often only have prevention&mdash;spark detection&mdash;or mitigation&mdash;explosion suppression&mdash;for protection. The reality is both technologies need to be used to provide an acceptable level of safety, and integrating those systems together can limit downtime and keep a process safe.&rdquo; Looking Ahead Business for companies serving the wood pellet industry has been solid for years, but the impact of the ongoing pandemic and upcoming election remains to be seen. &ldquo;The past four years, every industry I work in has been going gangbusters,&rdquo; Kessler says. &ldquo;But right now, feedback from most customers is that they&rsquo;re waiting on the election. I frequently hear that decreased regulations and tax incentives have fueled the economic growth of the past four years. This has led companies to replace old equipment, expand operations and evaluate ways to become more efficient. A change in policy may put these plans on the back-burner while they wait to see how it impacts their bottom line.&rdquo; &nbsp; For the wood pellet industry in general, Kessler believes both candidates have some good initiatives that would benefit the industry.
Gill says the rate of new equipment orders has slowed since early summer, some of which is due to COVID, but as Kessler says, it&rsquo;s increasingly due to the impending election. &ldquo;That combination will have people hanging onto money and capital projects until afterward,&rdquo; he adds. &ldquo;I think from an industry growth perspective, the demand for pellets will be there. The election will simply impact the manufacturing costs.&rdquo; &nbsp; Author: Anna Simet Editor, Pellet Mill Magazine asimet@bbiinternational.com 701-738-4961

Many factors come into play when designing a wood pellet plantâ€™s fiber preparation and handling system. Components must work in cohesion for smooth, efficient and safe operations and production of quality pellet.

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This turn-key package provided by Kesco includes a Rapat drag conveyor feeding a Kesco-designed custom quad screw feeder with surge bin, controlling the flow to a Bliss Industries hammermill with a Kice Industries air relief system. CV Technology exp

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Rapat enclosed frame belt conveyors installed at a wood pellet manufacturing facility

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At this facility, a Rapat drag chain conveyor is fitted with a CV Technology explosion suppression system.

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When it comes to wood pellet process design, experience matters. 

Front-End Expertise

Mid-South adds reality capture scanning to services Mid-South Engineering has added reality capture scanning to its list of services and will incorporate the scans as part the company&rsquo;s standard offering on project proposals where appropriate. The new laser scanning system will augment traditional field measurements with the goal of providing more precise and complete engineering deliverables.
Incorporating a laser scan into Mid-South&rsquo;s engineering design will provide more accurate and more complete site information and can reduce the cost and effort of manual measurement. In addition, the scanner data combined with new construction 3D models can help identify possible clashes, limited access areas, and potential safety issues early in the engineering process, reducing the number of change orders in the field.
Vermeer introduces new TR5300EM trommel screen&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Vermeer Corp. has expanded its electric-powered recycling product line with the addition of the new TR5300EM trommel screen. The new trommel screen is powered by an industrial-duty, fan-cooled, 60-horsepower (44.7-kilowatt) electric motor and delivers a drum speed of up to 24 revolutions per minute to handle multiple material types, including compost, topsoil and wood biomass. The quiet-operating TR5300EM also features a low hopper infeed with a capacity of 5.5 cubic yards (4.2 cubic meters) and includes new service and operating enhancements.
The TR5300EM trommel screen overs and fines conveyors are adjustable to help with dust control and allow for precise placement of material. The unit is also equipped with automatic overs flaps to help contain material and reduce spillage. It can be equipped with several optional accessories, including a grizzly screen to sort out oversized material and a magnetic head pulley for removing unwanted metal.
Netzch expands grinder product range&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Netzsch has expanded its N.Mac twin shaft grinder offering by several sizes, for flow rates up to 400 cubic meters per hour (m&sup3;/hr).The N.Mac is designed for breaking down a variety of different materials and is ideal for wastewater treatment, biogas and biomass plants, food and animal processing and many other waste and industrial applications. It can be installed upstream of a pump (inline version) or above the feeding screw of a hopper pump (channel version) or in any effluent channel.
The inline version of the N.Mac is available in three sizes and can handle a maximum flow rate of up to 350 m&sup3;/hr. The channel version is available in four sizes, designed for a maximum flow rate of up to 400 m&sup3;/hr. For applications with even higher flow rates, several grinders can be run in parallel, allowing parts of the system to be serviced during operation. Besides knives that can be removed in a cartridge for quick and easy maintenance, the N.Mac is equipped with flushed and lubricated mechanical seals for perfect dry-running capability.
Morbark announces leadership change&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Morbark LLC has appointed Bradley Boehler as successor to Dave Herr, previous vice president of Alamo Group&rsquo;s forestry and tree care business unit and president of Morbark Holdings. Herr joined Morbark initially as a board director and then as CEO in October 2016. He successfully led the company through a period of intense growth, operational improvement, acquisition and integration of complementary businesses, including Rayco Manufacturing LLC and Denis Cimaf Inc., and finally, the transfer of ownership to Alamo Group in 2019.
Before joining Alamo Group, Boehler was president of the Skyjack Group, a major Canadian manufacturer of aerial lift equipment, including scissor lifts and telehandlers. Prior to his 16 years at Skyjack, he worked for seven years at Tigercat International Inc. in various engineering and technical positions. Boehler is a veteran of the Canadian Armed Forces, having served as an engineering officer in the construction engineering section. He holds a Bachelor of Engineering Science in civil engineering granted by the University of Western Ontario and completed the executive development program at Ivey Business School.

Issue 4

Business Briefs

Business Briefs

Columns

Experimenting with Grease Thickeners

Our Strong First Half

It's That Time

Featured

Virtually PFI A Review

Front-End Expertise

Contributions

Material Prep Vital for Quality Pellets

Can Lubricants be Green?

Taking Another Look at Torrefaction

Issue 4.css-7jxktu{position:absolute;bottom:0px;left:0px;right:0px;height:3px;border-radius:3px;background-color:var(--chakra-colors-brandBlack);}

Business Briefs

Business Briefs

Columns

Experimenting with Grease Thickeners

Our Strong First Half

It's That Time

Featured

Virtually PFI A Review

Front-End Expertise

Contributions

Material Prep Vital for Quality Pellets

Can Lubricants be Green?

Taking Another Look at Torrefaction

Issue 4